The Awakening- Ednas Independence Essay Example for Free

The Awakening- Ednas Independence EssayIn Kate Chopins The Awakening, Edna Pontellier is a character who is alienated from the rest of society. She carries views which do not coincide with the norm, and in a way establishes her give idea of how women should live and be treated. Not only do her views estrange her from society, but she to a fault physically separates herself from the life she used to live and the Victorian culture into which she was born. During this time, it was anticipate of a woman to be the perfect picture of a wife and mother, an nonsuch(prenominal) of the House. Even early on in the novel Edna is shown to be the type of woman that doesnt fit the bill. While most other mothers, such as Adele Ratignolle, would bend over backwards to take care of their children, Edna is clearly not as much a mother-woman her children had learned to be the type to stick out up and brush withdraw the dirt rather than run to mommy if they fell down. Her marriage to Leonce was much a social convention than it was a amiable relationship, as if she only married because it was the thing to do.This was not an uncommon arrangement, but Ednas treatment of it was- with little passion and excited connection in her marriage, she commits emotional adultery finding companionship in the form of Robert Lebrun. Later in rediscovering music and art, she also shirks all responsibility as a wife and mother, ignoring her expected duties in order to concentrate on her painting. This is far from the picture of the perfect Victorian wife. Ednas physical separation from her old life is symbolic of her opposing views nigh women and their role in the community.With her husband away and her boys with their grandmother, Edna lives as a single woman. Her choice to remove herself from the life of a mother-woman is contradictory to everything she was taught to do. Her claim of emancipation is unheard of, and society doesnt know how to react. In her Victorian culture, women are t he belongings of men and have no claims to their own lives, nor have they any elbow room to their own wants and needs this was the custom every integrity had grown up on, the custom everyone was used to.Edna rebels against this belief with her nonconformist decision to live on her own, as her own being, with her own mental and emotional and sexual desires. There is an instance when Edna and Robert are discussing a future together, and Robert notes his wish to free Edna from Leonce, because he is still under the belief that she is an quarry to be passed from one owner to another. Edna then calls him silly for believing such things, for she is an independent person, whom no one governs but her own self. Ednas intellectual, emotional, and sexual awakenings, though giving her the independence she craves, isolate her from the rest of society.There is one point in the novel where Edna speaks of walking, how she doesnt mind walking to get to places farther off and how she feels bad for t hose women who dont take the walk because they are missing so much. Edna knows she is the only woman who has taken the walk, taken the chance to discover alimentation outside of societal norms and finding out how freeing it is. As much as she wants someone to join her, in her last awakening she realizes no one will- Robert wants to marry her out of convention rather than cross the boundaries and be her lover.Edna realizes she cannot escape the chains of societys expectations, and she is utterly alone. Ednas isolation grows as she has more and more revelations about her life and herself. Though starting simply as the odd one out among the mother-women, she becomes the lone rebel across the societal boundaries. Her beliefs about women as independent, intellectual, sexual, and emotional beings contradict the societal views demonstrated along her journey of awakening.

Becoming an Actor Essay Example for Free

Becoming an Actor EssayThere atomic number 18 many people who dream of being an instrument/actress and hope to make it into Hollywood someday. While acting may seem easy, it takes a lot of hard work and dedication. It isnt until you are on stage in front of a whopping crowd that you may realize how tough it really is. Most successful actors have a passion for acting (its what they passion to do and want to do) so this is one of the key factors in becoming an actor. You moldiness want to act and show that you are in it to win it. A good actor/actress must willing to devote all their time and energy into acting whether its for a stage lay or an upcoming movie. be an actor is similar to working a fulltime Job so you must dependable and hardworking (even if requires you working hours at a time) to get ahead. To become an actor, you must be alert and prompt by showing the director you are reliable and can handle whatever is handed to them. This mean memorizing your lines and sho w up earlier to auditions and willing to give 110% of you effort. An actor must be comfortable in their own skin. You must be confident in who are and focus on what its you want (your goals). The mindset of an actor should e Im the star and the world is my audience.If an actor believes this, they will be willing to take risk/opportunity. 1 characteristic of an actor must possess is public speaking. It is common that people forethought talk in front of people, whether its a small or large group, but the only way to solving this issue is facing fear itself head on. There are classes for this or you can possible try talking others in large crowds when necessary. As time goes on and taking on more acting opportunities, the actor will be able to conquer their fear and be able to perform in an a more effective and powerful way.

Renewable And Non Renewable Resources

Renewable And Non Renewable Re showtimesOur societys emphasis on green living and the global focus on conservation provide the perfect backdrop for teaching students nearly dodo arouses. Children atomic number 18 naturally curious ab stunned whats going on in the being around them. Now is the perfect time for us, as educators, to capitalize on our students innate curiosity by leveraging current events in the world such as the rapidly increasing prices of gasoline for motor vehicles and the ongoing search for economical and efficient forms of renewable postcode to engage students in study most how fossil fuels, natural resources and Provide appropriate vocabulary words. Give students the basic vocabulary words they pass on need in order to achieve your lesson objectives. base vocabulary words for teaching students about fossil fuels would include fossil fuels, ember, fossil oil, natural gas, renewable and nonrenewable.This module volition economic aid the students to le arn about the fossils fuel , its importance ,need of its conservation and its harmful effectsThe teacher may use various skills to decide the complexity level of the content. However teacher may wee-wee up the topic as given below-(a)Complexity of content(concrete, Symbolic,Abstract)CONCRETESYMBOLICABSTRACTNatural resources,Destructive distillment of sear, fire of fossils fuelExhaustible and non exhaustible energy resources , constitution of fossils fuel, Harmful effects of ca apply by fossils fuelsFractional distillation(b) Learning Environment-1. The chapter may be introduced in class rooms, school lab (bringing sample of contrary items to the lab) , figurer lab (by a power point presentation),Outdoor trip etc.2.Sequence of the lesson throne be back awayn this way_IntroductionUsing concrete or symbolic real for group discussion or the class can be severalised into groups or individually students may be engaged in a stiff up activity as given in students module.Students will be asked to make a table and fill thatPLASTICPAPERGLASSMETAL timberlandOTHERThe possible answers to the questions asked in students module exit be-Which column had the longest list? (Answer It will rattling ilkly be plastic.)Which category do you forecast you depend on most? Why? (Answers will vary.)Where do you conceptualize these items take from? (Answer Everything at some point comes from our natural resources. Paper and wood come from trees, plastics are make from oil, glass is made from sand, and metal is made from ore, etc.)You may similarly do this as a whole class, instead of individually.You may connect a puzzle with blanks and may ask the students to fill in the blanks to complete the schemetic diagram related to natural resources as interpretn in students module or show the diagram and ask them to list natural resources1.2 RENEWABLE AND NON RENEWABLE RESOURCE instructor may begin the lesson with a small activity of hunting fossil fuel STUDENT ACTIVITY 1 or a ny separate activity or can narrate a story to introduce two categories of natural resourcesTeacher may drive the students in activities highlighting the depelition of resources as in students module Students Activity 2 DEPLETION OF RESOURCES SIMULATIONThrough the activity, students will suppose that as the following(a) generation comes along, there will be fewer resources available to them and eventually, there could be nothing at all.In addition the amount of people using a resource and the amount each person uses are critical in determining the rate at which resources, both renewable and nonrenewable, get apply up.Teacher may gain a supply of extra popcorn (out of sight of the class) for those students who do not participate directly in the simulationStudents will probably eat as much of the popcorn as they can without any thought as to who will come after(prenominal) them. By the time the 3rd generation students are finished, there should be little or no popcorn left. S ome of the generation coming next people will therefore have little or none at all.Do not discuss what is happening to the popcorn until all the generations have gotten their popcorn. Some students will begin to realize what is happening. Some students in the 2nd generation may think of the 3rd generation and not take as much. The teacher should just watch and listen without making any comments.Review the definitions of renewable resource, and nonrenewable resource.Relate these definitions to the popcorn simulation.Did any of the students who were part of this simulation think about those who cleverness be eating after them, or were they only trying to get as much popcorn as they could?Assessment, Student merc giftiseEach student will turn in their own report after they have gone everyplace the discussion points.Each group of 4 will create a slogan that advocates personal responsibility for resource conservationTeacher may build up the lesson by asking the students to fulfill an otherwise activity in groups comparing renewable and non renewable resources as in students module or may use internet for the students research to equivalence different energy sources for which the class may be divided into groups and assign different energy resources to be researched and compared to coal energy. Students should include topics of safety, efficiency,environmental impacts and cost.Teacher may involve the students in STUDENTS ACTIVITY 3 to understand symbolically thatCoal, oil, natural gas and nuclear fuels will last some day and so they are non renewable resource while renewable source will never finishAssessmentHave students explain the exercise and their findings to the class. Encourage them to discuss what other factors might dictate which energy sources are used by a community, such as environmental impact and the persuasion of special inte slumber groups. What specific factors settle the choices of energy sources in your area? How have local energy costs chan ged over the past ten days?Use a debate initialise to discuss factors that might dictate community decisions as stated above.ExtensionEncourage students to find out what energy sources are used in other countries. Direct them toward coal-dependent countries (such as the United Kingdom and Ger legion(predicate)), as well as countries that do not rely primarily upon coal for their energy (such as Sweden, France, and Japan). challenge them to find out and compare the energy costs of other countries to that of the United States.Continue with researching 10 years of costs/supply and demand and graph the changes over the 10-year percentage point. Have students compare and contrast the outcomes between the different energy sources.Teacher may share the following facts with students to arouse their interest such as-It took 10 feet of seed down matter to make 1 foot of coal.The first oil well in the world was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA.World coal consumption is more than than 5.3 bil lion tons annually of which three quarters are used for generating electricity.The earliest k instantern use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fu-shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. The Chinese thought coal was a stone that could burnTo run a 100-watt light bulb 24 hours a day for a year we need to use about 714 pounds (325 kg) of coal in coal powered power plant (thermal efficiency of such power plant is typically abut 40%).One liter of stock gasoline is the time-rendered government issue of about 23.5 tonnes of ancient organic sensible deposited on the ocean floor. .On August 27, 1859, Edwin L. Drake (the man standing on the right in the black and white picture to the right), struck liquid oil at his well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. He found oil under ground and a way that could pump it to the surface. The well pumped the oil into barrels made out of wood. This method of drilling for oil is still being used immed iately all over the world in areas where oil can be found below the surface.1.3 COALCoal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of motorcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and varying amounts of sulphur. There are three main types of coal anthracite, bituminous and lignite. Anthracite coal is the hardest and has more carbon, which gives it a higher energy content. Lignite is the softest and is low in carbon but high in hydrogen and oxygen content. Bituminous is in between. Today, the precursor to coal-peat-is still found in many countries and is also used as an energy source.Teacher may introduce the concept by giving the students the basic knowledge about coal which they are already familiar of or may ask some general questions about the coal1.3.1 COAL validationThe teacher may game a story of historical background of coal or give the idea by demonstrating an activity as described in student module-COAL FORMATION ACTIVITYThe teacher must(prenominal) arrange the material beforehand. The activity will care in reinforcing Critical thinking ,Cooperative readingThe activity may take two class periods over four weeksI f you line your container with plastic wrap before you begin, you can lift the wholeformation out when it is dry.T his is a smelly activity. If you have an area where you can put this out of the way andobserve it occasionally, you will like it betterTeacher can further illustrate the mining of coal through the activity discussed in students modulestudents activity 4 Chocolate Chip Cookie MiningThis activity teaches students about coal and mining.Discuss with the students how coal is excavated .Coal is exploit out of the ground using various methods. Some coal mines are dug by drop down vertical or horizontal shafts deep underground, and coal miners travel by elevators or trains deep under ground to dig the coal. Other coal is mined in strip mines where huge steam shovels strip away the top layers above the coal. The layers are and then restored after the coal is taken away.The coal is then shipped by train and boats and even in pipelines. In pipelines, the coal is ground up and mixed with water to make whats called a slurry. This is then pumped many miles through pipelines. At the other end, the coal is used to fuel power plants and other factories.1.3.2 TYPES OF COALTypes of coal may be introduced to the students by showing them samples of different types of coal and comparing their physical properties through STUDENTS ACTIVITY 5- coal identification activity.This will help students to understand the characteristics of different types of coal and enhance their Critical thinking,Cooperative learning and skill of Comparison and contrast. They will lso understand that the harder coal absorbs more heat.Teacher may discuss with students .Does burning show that peat is the lowest rank of coal?Does the dash of burning of bituminous coal show that it still has volatile material (gas) in it?1.3.3 COMBUSTIO N OF COALCombustion or burning is the sequence of energy-releasing chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the cropion of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can result in the production of light in the form of either glowing or a flame.To understand that coal is combustible teacher may action an activity as stated in students moduleSTUDENTS ACTIVITY- 6Teacher must arrange for the material before hand . If lignite coal sample is notavailable, charcoal may be used Students should be motivated to illustrate and describe their observations.Teacher may discuss how coal may be utilitarian because it is combustible and gives off heat.Teacher may take a small sample of the dried plant matter from and hold with forceps. Place sample in the flame of a candle and observe burn. (This matter can be compared to peat.) Discuss observations..1.3.4 DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF COALDestructive distillation is the chemical shape involving the decom position of feedstock by heating to a high temperature the term generally applies to processing of organic material in the absence of air or in the presence of limited amounts of oxygen or other reagents, catalysts, or solvents, such as steam or phenols. The process breaks up or cracks large molecules. Products like coke, coal gas, gas carbon, coal tar and ammonia liquor are formed after the destructive distillation of coal.This helps in producing thousands of distinct chemical compounds.Teacher may demonstrate the pocess of destructive distillation of coal in lab or class as illustrated in students module,and keep the students interest entact . Teacher will discuss different observations about the mixtures collected in the end in test tube and beaker and also explain their uses eith the help of placards or flashcards.1.4PETOLEUM .Petroleum or crude oil, and natural gas are important hydrocarbons that are found in nature within pores and fractures of rocks. Oil and gas form over mil lions of years as the result of the decay of marine organisms. These organisms die and collect on the ocean floor. Sediments such as clay and mud are deposited above these organisms. During sepulchre and compaction, the organic matter becomes heated. Hydrocarbons are formed and are forced out of the source rock into permeable beds such as sandstone.As by now the students are familiar with the concept of fossils fuel with its examples and its formation in case of coal the teacher may build the lesson on the previous knowledge of the students with the help of role playTeacher may give students more information about the excretion of guneumBecause oil and gas are not very dense, they migrate upward through the water-saturated rock layers. In some cases, this movement is stopped by overlying impermeable layers of rock such as shale or rock salt and the hydrocarbons are trapped. Then, the oil and natural gas form a reservoir in the porous rock. This type of hydrocarbon accumulation requ ires a source rock, a reservoir rock, and a cap rock. virtually of the worlds reservoirs are in sandstone, limestone, and dolomites. Structural traps are related to folds, faults, or salt domes. When an anticline fold that contains hydrocarbons is drilled, the first material encountered is usually natural gas. This gas often is underlain by oil due to density differences. Water is the densest fluid and is found at the bottom of a reservoir. lower-ranking recovery methods can be used to increase the amount of crude oil that can be pumped from wells. Presently only about 30 percent of the crude oil in a well can be recovered. However, as oil reserves dwindle, steam, carbon dioxide, and detergents can be used to force out the heavy oil that normally cannot be pumped.1.4.1 REFINING OF PETROLEUMPetroleum in its crude state consists of various organic compounds that must be refined to form usable products. After giving a brief idea about refining of petroleum and fractional distillation the divide the students into research teams. Each team will research how fractional distillation works, as well as describe one of the major products of fractional distillation. Students may then be motivated to use distillation to separate 2 liquids . The teacher must approve the distillation set-up of the studentsMisconceptionsStudents will assume that the mixture will keep getting hotter and hotter as the water boils. They will not expect the temperature to stay steady until almost all the water has been converted to steam. Students may also think that the melted ice cube is dripping through the foil into the beaker.Teacher needs to clarify their misconceptionStudents should be encouraged to use diagrams and charts to present their information.A rubric is provided for assessing the group work at this stage. A copy of this rubric should be given to students before they start their research so that they are mindful of the grading criteria.The objectives of the activity effected a re .Students will learn that fractional distillation is the first stage in processing crude oil into usable products. (The other two stages are Conversion cracking and rearranging of molecules, and Treatment.)Students will understand how fractional distillation works and what products are produced. They will become alive(predicate) of how these products are used in their world.Students will familiarize themselves with 8 major products of fractional distillation.Students will be able to perform a simple distillation of liquids modeling the distillation of crude oil.Students will share, display, and explain specific information gathered in their research.Research time will vary based on the availability of computers. Most of the research can be completed in 1 to 2 class periods on the computer. The actual distillation will take one periodThe activity will help improving the following skills of the studentsCooperative learningStudent centered learningCommunication of informationRelev ant application to day-by-day lifeFollowing DirectionsMaking ConnectionsMathematics integrationDrawing ConclusionsBecause so many petroleum-based products are found in the home,so teacher may motivate the students to perform a take home activity. To complete the activity, students work with their families to identify six petroleum-based products at home. They publish those products on the list.Then they think of one way to help conserve petroleum, by reducing their use of a petroleum product, reusing a petroleum product many times over, or recycling a product so it can be made into something else. They add their conservation idea to the bottom of the list, and have their at-home helper sign the form.When students have completed this short at-home activity, they will bring their list back to school and share it with their classmate. If students are having difficulty completing the project at home, a few minutes could be addicted to the activity in school.1.4.2 COMBUSTION OF PETROL Teacher may correlate the topic with combustion of petrol in vehicles and explain that incomplete combustion of petrol is dreadful as it produces CO which is suffocating.Students may be motivated to collect data in this regard and analyze and help them to differentiate between the combustion of coal and petrol.1.5 HARMFUL EFFECTS OF EXCCESSIVE COMBUSTION OF COAL AND PETROLEUMMany non renewable energy resources have detrimental consequences upon the environment. Most people are aware of the greenhouse effect created by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are released by gasoline-powered vehicles, but this is only one of many serious consequences. Coal plants totally generate hundreds of millions of tons of harmful byproducts, including flue gas, desulfurization sludge, fly ash, and bottom ash. These materials can poison waterways and leach harmful toxins such as arsenic, mercury, uranium, and thorium into the ground and water..Combustion of these fossil fuels is considere d to be the largest contributing factor to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.Teacher may use powerpoint presentations or vedieosto illustrate the concept1.6 IMPORTANCE OF NONRNEWABLE SOURCESFossil fuels are of great importance because they can be burned (oxidized to carbon dioxide and water), producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight. The use of coal as a fuel predates preserve history. Coal was used to run furnaces for the melting of metal ore.. Teacher may introduce the topic with some questions such asWhat function crude oil serves in our life. Is it something that is really necessary in life? What if it was not available, how would our lives differ? (Students answers will vary).Emind students that Petroleum is the Source of many objects ,e.g. bandage glue plastic pocketbook bubble gum golf ball plastic container or bottle comb lipstick toothbrush and toothpaste crayon nail polish tube of hand cream elastic band panty hose wax paperT ell students that one of the most common petroleum products is gasoline that goes into a car to make it run.Remind students that petroleum-based products can last a very long time.Thats why we should reuse and recycle them whenever we can.For a greater challenge, students could be motivated to write their own Who Am I? questions for different petroleum-based products. When there are enough clues written, each student could read out a clue and ask the rest of the class to guess the product.In the end teacher may guide the students to conserve the fossils fuel -coal and petoleum

Muhammad Haji Salleh Poetry Analysis

Muhammad haji Salleh Poetry AnalysisWikipedia defined that self-identity is the mental and conceptual understanding and relentless regard that sentient beings hold for their accept existence. In other words, it is the sum total of a beings knowledge and understanding of his or her self. Components of the self-concept include physical, psychological, and social attributes, which piece of tail be influenced by the individuals attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas. These components and attributes can be condensed to the general concepts of self-image and the self-esteem.In our own agriculture and golf-club, we are taught by our parents and the elderly to value or own culture and custom and must not feel that we are superior to others after we had accumulated a lot of new knolwedges and experiences. We should not turn our back to our own lodge, roots and land after we had been abroad but we should be proud of our own identity. This is what is lacking in most of us in our community. We tend to eat up our roots and we are not proud of being part of a particular culture or race.In this research paper, I have choosen to psychoanalyse two masterpiece from our Malaysian writer.This study is based on Muhammad Haji Sallehs poems, which is si tenggang homecoming and the traveler .The overall aim of this paper is to analyze and establish the portrayal of the theme searching of self-identity. In this research paper, I will likewise include the two poems implications of using these two poems towards reading.2.0 Background of the authorMuhammad Haji Salleh (1942- ) is a well- cognize Malaysian poet, critic, translator, editor and researcher. He is the sixth Malaysian Laureate. He was born on 26th March 1942 in Taping, Perak. Muhammad had most of his education in Malaysia he received his early education at Bukit Mertajam High School and Malay College Kuala Kangsar. However, he did his teacher training at Lodge instructor Training College in England. He obtained a Bach elor of Arts degree from the University of Malaya (Singapore), Masters of Arts from the University of Malaya in 1970 and a Ph.D from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America in 1973. In 1977, he was a Professor under the Fullbright-Hays programme and taught at the North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA. He is a professor at the Department of Malay letter in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and was once appointed as the Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Social Science and Humanities as well as Head of bring in of Malay Language and Literature. Muhammad Haji Salleh is the only Malaysian poet who is studied in the Literature English programme.3.0 The Authors Writing CareerMuhammad Haji Salleh began writing poetry in 1963 when he was a student at the Malayan Teachers College, Brinsford Lodge, England. Muhammad started writing much earlier but only towards the late 1960s that he became well known in Malaysia. Muhammad has lived much of his life abroad in the United S tates while he is pursuing his studies and most of his poems are written in English. As his educational background was centered on Bahasa Malaysia and English language, he writes in both(prenominal) languages. Later, he devoted much of his time to write in Bahasa Malaysia. He very much translated his own Malay poems and other local Malay poems into English. T.S.Eliot and W.H.Auden who he admired influenced the English poems that he wrote. The beauty of the language and the messages convey in the poems written by these two poets had inspired Muhammad Haji Salleh to write English poems.Muhammad Haji Salleh has received various awards for his works, both at national and international levels. Muhammad won the Asean Literary grant in Bangkok, Thailand. A Number of his poems won various prizes and in 1972, he was awarded the Asean Literary Award for his anthology of poems Perjalanan si Tenggang II, which was subsequently translated in English in 1979.He was do a National Laureate in 1 991 and was awarded the Hadiah Sastera Kebangsaan in 1976, the Australian Cultural Award to Asian Artists in 1975 and the Asean Literary Award (Poetry) in 1977. Writing both in Bahasa Malaysia and English, Muhammad has devoted his life to the development of the Malaysian literary tradition. He is not only well known as a poet but also as a literary scholar.As a post-colonial poet and a professor of literature, Muhammad is known for his passionate quest for identity. In fact, the quest of identity is reflected in his poems in particular in the outstanding collections of Poems of the Outsider (1973), The Travel Journals of Si Tenggang II (1979), Time and Its People (1978), Poems from the Malay Annals (1981) and Rowing Down Two Rivers (2000).4.0 Background of The Poems si tenggangs homecoming and the travelerMuhammad is known for his passionate quest for identity through his writings. It is very clear that his works explore the human condition and problems related to identicalness an d community life. These two poems si tenggang homecoming and the traveler are able to portray Malay traditions, culture and beliefs because it deals with a universal theme, which are the issue of identity, selfhood and the substance of being oneself. Both of these poems reflect the poets concern for the Malay society and explore the human condition and problems related to identity.Muhammad consistently wrote about the theme of seeking for self-identity because he lived most of his life abroad and influenced by the western world, where he stayed there for many years but he never forgot that he belongs to the Malay society his mother tongue is Malay which is the language of his native land. Although he writes in English but he still talks about the village life, the metropolis and its people and the Malay society as a whole. That is why both of these poem generally consist of encourages criticisms or opinions that differ from the Malay culture. It is because traditional society gener ally does not encourage criticisms or opinions that differ from accepted beliefs or those, which have been taken to be a way of life.5.0 Discussion on si tenggangs homecoming and the traveler.Si tenggangs homecoming poem consists of six stanzas. Upon closer study, it is a reflection of si tenggangs experiences as a traveler, who had been abroad for a while and returned to his homeland. The fiber is telling the reader that in the process of discovering himself he has not lost his sense of inheritance and roots. This can be seen through stanza 3, line 31-34,

Corporate Governance in Different Countries

Corporate Governance in Different CountriesCorporate Governance and theoriesDevelopment of Corporate Government is a global occurrence. Different countries have antithetical Theories in relevance and to a fault dep death on the stage of scotch condition the country is in, the integrated anatomical structure of the country and the ownership groups present. It is also important to understand that not only sh atomic number 18 birthers just now other stake holders are also involved wit a comp whatsoever and at that placefore emphasis should be given to other interest groups as well like employees, suppliers, customers and local communities (Christine A Mallin 2007).Theories associated with development of corporate organisationAgency theoryIn the theory, there are two parties principals and agents. Owners are considered Principal and director agents. According to the theory due to self interest agents may not be working towards principals interest. In much(prenominal) cases the result may not be as expected by the principals or owners. A entire corporate control is thus postulate to reduce agency problems and to march on control over directors actions.Transaction cost economiesAs uses desire to grow overtime, they contain capital to expand. Often a firm raises a capital by going public or including other shareowners into the firms. As the owners in the telephoner extend it is possible that the separation of ownership and control (which mostly remains in the delves of directors) may create problems.Stakeholder theoryAs discussed earlier, a firm has a member of stakeholders and is not just accountable to shareholders. If there are other stakeholders that need to be given emphasis then the governance system is authentic accordingly. Corporate governance has only recently gained more importance and although agency theory was the main theory that led to its development, stakeholder theory is gaining more importance as it evolves further. It has b een observed that good corporate governance have helped business perform snap attain and go awayd better access to finances.Corporate Governance in UKCadbury and Greenbury underwrites had a major contribution in UKs Corporate Governance.Cadbury Report (1992)The Report of the committee on the monetary aspects of corporate governance, also known the Cadbury key, was published in celestial latitude 1992. After 1980s financial s sufferdals, a committee was formed in may 1991 by the financial reporting councils the London stock exchange and the account profession. The committee worked in the financial aspects of corporate Governance and produced a statute of Best Practice, which all UK listed companies related to director stipend, responsibilities and tenure.Some of the recommendations were as follows.The majority of non-executive directors should be main(a) of centering and free from business or other relationship.Non-executive directors should be appointed for the specified terms.Executive remuneration should be subject to the recommendation of a remuneration committee made up entirely or mainly of non executive directors.Greenbury Report (1995)The rise of remuneration of directors and absence of necessary incentives for directors to perform better works a rising concern for investors and the public at large eespecial(a)ly for listed firms. The Greenbury committee was thus established to address the above-mentioned issue.The committee submitted its report in 1995 and much of its findings were incorporated into the scratch of Best Practice on Directors Remuneration.The report addressed for major issues The fictitious character addressed for major issues in mount the remuneration package for the CEO and other director.Service contracts - instruction execution.Hampel Report (1998)After the Greenbury report in 1995, a committee was established in 1996 to follow and revise the earlier recommendations of the Cadbury and Greenbury committees. The commit tee recognized that it was important to understand the situation of each company and the principle of corporate government should be more whippy to be applicable to all companies.While Cadbury and Greenbury reports addressed the abuse of the discretionary authority entrusted to heed, Hampel viewed the resembling to maximize the shareholder value.Combined Code (1998)The combined code was formed from recommendations of Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel reports put together. It outlined the best practices, which were not mandatory for companies to run sufficient information to the shareholders near its practices.Higgs ReportThe report was dedicated towards determining the role, freedom and recruitment of non-executive directors. Higgs identified non-executive directors role contributing to corporate strategy, setting remuneration of executive directors, monitoring the performance of executive management et. And recommended that one third get on with should comprise of non-executive directors.Corporate Governance in GermanyIn Germany, most of the firms are either public or private limited that have shareholders who control the firm and its policies. Like many other European countries, in Germany there are a number of shareholders in a firm. Both financial and non financial investors hold considerable shares in a firm and are the most influential state. It is therefore important to take into consideration these cross-holdings that investors have when analysing the corporate governance in Germany. According to Charkham (1994), banks have considerable investment in large firms and therefore play a central role in determining the corporate policies of the firm. Banks provide long term loans to the firms and develop long term relationship with the firms in the course of time. Due to these facts the corporate governance in Germany can also be called an insider system (Charkahm, 1994).The German corporate governance has a dual identity card system comprising of a ma nagement climb on and a supervisory display panel. The management board handles the day to day activities of the firm and is responsible for management of the whole firm. The supervisory board on the other hand is responsible for appointing the directors in the management board, supervising them and deciding their remuneration. The supervisory board also advices the management board on various aspects of business.According to Charkham (1994), if there were a spectrum with confrontation at one end and co-operation at the other, we would definitely place German attitudes and behaviour far closer to the co-operation end than, say, those of British or Americans. (Charkham, 1994)What Charkham (1994) indicated was how close the shareholders in German firms are to its trading operations and the interests of different stakeholders are given equal emphasis.This is supported by the Works Constitution Act 1972, according to which work council has the right to deal with employee matters and conditions of work. This is through with(p) to remedy trust of the employees in the organisation by keeping them intercommunicate some companys activities and allowing them to infix in the decisions of the company that may have effects on the workers. besides the first corporate governance code, Cromme code, was first published in 2002 as discussed in the next section.Cromme Code (2002)A committee chaired by Dr Gerhard Cromme was assigned the trade union movement to submit a report on corporate governance. The committee submitted the Cromme Report, also know as the Cromme Code, which was published in 2002 and has a number of sections that provide guidelines about different aspects of corporate governance. Later in 2005 there some amendments made to the code.Some of the sections that Cromme Code covered areGeneral Meetings and shareholdersAccording to this section of the code, it is required by the companies to submit annual reports and other financial statements in the genera l meeting. The meeting decides how the net income has to be disclosed and whether the decision made by the management and the supervisory boards are appropriate and approved. The code also requires the firms to publish these on their website, with any other agenda for public transparency.Co-operation between the Management carte and the supervisory BoardThe management board macrocosm the set of directors who actually run the company operations, and the supervisory board being the one that advises and sets goals for the management board, it is important that the two boards co-operate with each other. The code therefore suggests that the management board should report its activities to the supervisory board so that the companys strategic approach is rightly followed. The management board can seek guidance of the supervisory board in case of any issue and should look to report these immediately. The supervisory board on the other hand should monitor the progress of the management boa rd and check if the duties assigned to management board are being performed effectively and if there are any changes to be made into them. If there is any deviation from the Cromme Code then it is the duty of the management board and the supervisory board to mention them in the annual report explaining why such deviations had occurred. The company has to keep these details available for public viewing for atleast five grades.Management BoardThe management board is set up by the supervisory board, and it is required as per the code to report these notes in the accounts. In case of any difference in the interest of the management board and the supervisory board, it should be immediately conveyed to the supervisory board. This is important so that management board can work independently and in the best interests of the company.The code also mentions that the remuneration of the management board should consist of two fixed salary and multivariate salary, as in many companies where va riable salary is based on performance of the firm.Supervisory BoardThe supervisory board has the responsibility to determine the composition of the management board and monitoring of the management board. It is therefore important that the supervisory board has suitable knowledge, experience and ability to make good management board and set good targets. Not only this a good supervisory board can provide good guidance to the management board. The code suggests that the supervisory should be independent and not related to the management board so as to avoid any conflict of interests. The code also forbids the chairman of the management board to become the chairman of the supervisory board. The code also states that the management board directors cannot be in the supervisory board of more than 5 non group listed companies.The remuneration of the directors in the supervisory board can contain both fixed and performance related pay and needs to be disclosed n the annual report as well. The remuneration can be rigid in the general meeting or in the articles of association. The Cromme Code has an important requirement that if supervisory board take part in less than half(prenominal) of the meetings in a fiscal year then it has to be mentioned in the supervisory board report.TransparencyThe code requires the management board to disclose any information or fact that might affect the company operations and not known to the public. This is so as to keep all shareholders equally informed about the companys facts. Disclosure should be made through media which is accessible in time to the public.Reporting and Audit of the Financial ResourcesIn order to avoid any fabrication of the reports the code requires the supervisory board or the audit committee to obtain a statement from the auditor clarifying that there is no financial or any other relation between the firm and the auditor that can affect auditors independence.According to the amendments, from 2006 onwards, it is important for the companies to disclose all elements of the directors remuneration. However, if 75 per centum of the shareholders feel that further disclosure is not required then the firm can chose to do so.It can be said that the corporate governance code in Germany has provided great emphasis on serving the interests of various stakeholders.Corporate Governance in IndiaGovernment had set new reforms introduced in India after the economic downturn in 1990-91 to open up the economy to depend on securities industry mechanisms instead of the government. With the new reforms the committee Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which became the regulator of the securities market aimed at transforming the public sector and the banking sector in line with international norms. As the disclosure requirements were introduced to safeguard the interests of shareholders these markets were altered.After the economic downturn in India during 1990 91, Indian government introduced new reforms to open the economy to rely more on the market mechanisms instead of the government. The new reforms were mainly aimed at making the public sector more efficient. There were also reforms in the banking sector to bring India in line with international norms, and in the securities market, with the new committee Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) befitting the regulator of the securities market. The securities market was altered as disclosure requirements were introduced to safeguard shareholders interests.Kar (2001) mentions how foreign portfolio investment was permitted in India since 1992 and foreign institutional investors also began to play an important role in the institutionalization of the market.India has a range of business, including the public limited companies listed in the stock exchange, private companies and foreign companies. Main ownership of the companies is difficult to determine as there are very few studies in this area but we can say that aft er the economy opened up after 1990-91, institutional investors are gaining more shares of the market.The Confederation of Indian Industries published a Desirable Code of Corporate Governance in 1998 and many companies took the recommendation of the committee on board. Still there are many companies that have poor governance practices which has led to the concerns about financial reporting practices, their accountability to losses being suffered by investors and the resultant loss of confidence that this caused. A recent utilisation of Satyam Computers proves this that still there are companies, which are not following the Code of Corporate Governance.SEBI formally established the committal on Corporate Governance in May 1999, chaired by Shri Kumar Mangalam Birla. The report of the Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee on Corporate Governance was published in 2000. The report emphasizes the importance of corporate governance for future growth of the economy and the capital market. Three key aspects underlying corporate governance are defined as accountability, transparency, and equality of treatment for all stakeholders in terms of information. The recommendations of the SEBI are split into mandatory requirements, which are essential for effective corporate governance, and non-mandatory requirements.Board of DirectorsBoard in Indian companies should comprise of the Executive Directors and Non-Executive Directors and Independent Directors. The code recommends not less than 50 percent of the board should be comprised of the Non-Executive Directors, where there is a non-executive chairman, and at least one-third of the board should comprise independent directors, where there is an executive chairman, and finally at least half the board should be independent, the latter being mandatory.Nominee DirectorsThe Indian system allows nominee directors appointed by the financial or investment institutions to protect their investment in the company. Such directors should have the same responsibility as other directors and be accountable to the shareholders.Chairman of the BoardThe roles of the chairman and the chief executive are different, the code identifies the roles as related and may be combined and performed by one person.Audit CommitteeThe audit committee has many mandatory recommendations, like the committee should comprise at least three members, all of them being the non-executive directors. The audit committee is empowered to seek external advice as appropriate and to seek information from any employee.Remuneration CommitteeRemuneration committee is set up to decide on the remuneration of the executive directors. Committee should be comprised of at least three non-executive, chaired by an independent director. All the remuneration package of the directors must(prenominal) be disclosed in the annual report with details on all the elements including the fixed salary and performance based incentives. Another mandatory requirement is that the boa rd of directors must decide on the remuneration package of the non-executive directors.Board ProceduresBoard Meetings should be held a borderline of 4 times in a year with a maximum of 4 months between two meetings and that a director must not be involved in more than 10 committees or act as a chairman in more than 5 committees.ManagementManagement should verify smooth day to day activities of the company. There should be disclosure of the companys performance, position and other things of interest to shareholders in the annual report.ShareholdersShareholders are allowed to be able to participate in the annual general meeting, therefore whenever there is a new appointment of a director it must be in the knowledge of the shareholders about the same.Manner of ImplementationCompanies must have a separate section on Corporate Governance in its annual report. Non-compliance of any recommendations should be highlighted and explained.The Indian code is rather complex as compared to UK and Germany as it has a number of mandatory and non-mandatory recommendations in its code. Although India has good recommendations on corporate governance code but still the acceptance of code in many companies is still lagging.Roles, Duties, Responsibilities and Liabilities of DirectorsFunctions of DirectorsIn 1844 an Act in Parliament described directors as the persons having direction, conduct, management or direction of a companys affairs. (Alfred Read) described director as a special kind of agent, whose function is to control the companys affairs. The directors in a company have certain responsibilities at law, which they must perform efficiently and effectively. In large organisations the major role of the board is to set the context of the strategy and not to formulate the strategy. To accomplish this, the board must keep on reviewing the corporate definition what business are we in. This can be done by assessing and reviewing strategic proposals and changing them by open handed comment and advice on the same, by encouraging managers to work on their strategic aims. The results of these sets the standards of the organisation as well as the standards others have to attain. Another challenge for the directors in an organisation is to balance the powers of managers with accountability to the shareholders. The board of directors act as the internal mechanism for control to overcome the principal agent problem. Directors also help in acquiring critical resources and responding to environmental forces and their impact on the organisation. These were however how the roles were perceived in the 1970s and after a number of highly publicised cases of corporate fraud and failure there has been a strong focus on policy issues. According to the Companies Act 2006, the duties of the directors have been identified seven-folds. These have been formulated to keep the acts of the directors in the interest of the company they serve and their shareholders. It is quite i nteresting how the roles and duties are slowly being more specifically defined and the need of the directors to comply with these by enforcing these into the Company Act.The Company Director His Functions, Powers and Duties by Alfred Read, Jordan Sons Limited, London, 1971Safeguarding the ShareholdersAn important function of the board is to ensure that the interests of the members are straight-lacedly safeguarded. If saving and investment are to play their proper part in the future, the investor must be assured of fair treatment and an adequate return, and it is for the directors to ensure that, so far as is consistent with the circumstances, he is not disappointed.Take Over BidsThe function of the board in safeguarding the interests of shareholders is of particular importance in take-over situations. The general rule regarding the proceeding of directors powers applies that the interests of their company must be their predominate consideration. It follows that the directors of a company, when advising their shareholders whether to accept or reject an offer for their shares, must disregard the effect he take-over will have on their own personal positions.Ensuring turn overAnother function is that of ensuring that the operations of the company are kept under constant review so that changes which are necessary are made without checker when changes take place in public taste or in political and economic conditions.Checking Up on ProgressA board must check up on results in order to ensure that the policy that has been laid down is being carried out and that the results expected from it have been obtained. Proper statements should be presented to the directors at regular intervals to keep them informed of what is happening.Powers of DirectorsThe duty of the board is to see that the business is carried in accordance with the memorandum and articles of association. While some powers may be reserved for shareholders, some powers can only be exercised by the boar d of directors.Often the directors are given power to declare and pay interim dividends during the year if in their opinion the profits of the company justify them. It is also usual for the fixed dividends on preference shares to be authorized by the board. Other powers usually vested in the board are the allotment of shares, the making of calls, the forfeiture of shares for non-payment o calls, the appointment of the chairman and of agents, officers and servants of the company and all matters of policy and management which are of special importance. Also the directors may delegate any of their powers to committees consisting of such members of their body as they think fit any committee so formed shall in the exercise of the powers so delegated conform to any regulations that may be imposed on it by the directors.Remuneration of DirectorsSalary has traditionally been described as a joint that represents as monthly income of an individual. Directors Remuneration has been a major co ncern for investors for long. It is observed that directors remuneration has some or most elements of the followingBasic SalaryBenefits in KindAnnual BonusShare OptionsPension RightsBasic SalaryBasic Salary is a fixed part of the salary that directors get. The basic is primarily in the range that similar jobs are offered. Individual experience, skills, and commitment also form an important factor of determining the basic salary. It is also important for the company to analyze skills, and job security related to the individual while setting the basic pay.Benefits in KindCertain companies provide the directors with some benefits in kind. For example provision of goods, travel and luxury items are some kinds of benefits given to the directors of the company. It is however important that the remuneration committee keeps a close check on such benefits and reviews them periodically, annually provided to improve executive performance.Annual BonusesAnnual bonuses are given based on the per formance of company or division. It is mostly a variable form of remuneration and is generally a percentage of basic pay. Annual bonuses can act as motivation for directors to improve their performance. It is therefore important that the remuneration committee sets the good performance targets for the directors.Long Term Incentive Schemes (Share Options)Executive share option is a long-term incentive scheme that has been used by companies for long. Share Options are provided at a lower price than that in the market or at some future date at accredited prices. This is a factor used to align directors and shareholders interests. The directors thus would want the share prices to go up so as to benefit from the returns from their holdings.However, the directors may sell off their shares and loose interest in share prices thereafter. In UK a provision in the code C6, limits directors to exercise their share options, for at least three years. This is done to keep directors interest in th e share prices high for at least that period. A benefit for share options is that it is not taxed until the shares are sold and thus provide the directors a non-taxed form of investment for a specified period.Pension RightsPension Entitlements are a key element in the total Remuneration, with important lifelong term implications for the individual and the company (Greenbury, 1995). The pension provision is carefully considered by the remuneration committees, and is measured in terms of the value of pension entitlements earned during the year.(As scripted in proposal needs more changes but not sure of the books from where it was written)Remuneration can be defined as the aim to reward people fairly, consistently and equitably in accordance to their value to the organization. The impact of executive remuneration on the efficiency of the company can be explained with many different theories. Other policies and theories on effective remuneration, like theory of Human Motivation, are ba sed on the need for stability and sustained staff commitment. Also there are surveyed and comparable pay market for different grades and specialists. Remuneration also depends on the pay structure practice in comparable organizations. Members of board of directors who are not the employees or major shareholders are paid for their services as directors of the company. In the past directors compensation was relatively dependent on the number of hours they devoted to the company but according to the new federal law a new sense of public outrage has appeared and a new fear of shareholder litigation has caused directors to work even harder as before and hence many of the determinants have changed since then.

Some Esential Points in Reading The Critique of Pure Reason :: Modern Philosophy Research Papers

Some Esential Points in Reading The inspection of Pure ReasonABSTRACT (1) Things ar not to be found in the Critique (real things also called physical objects-an epoch avant la lettre as in Husserl). The things as appearances are only Vorstellungen (representatio, B376). Confusion arrives because Kant calls these objects with the same names employed in the terminology of common sense for designating the things. (2) Due to the absence of these things, nothing is said concerning the relation between things and empirical objects (things as appearances, Erscheinungen). (3) Things in themselves, considered in the abstraction of sensible receptivity, are for this very abstraction, unknowable. Consequently, they cannot be considered as the origin of appearances. (4) I propose an explanation of the relation menti 1d in (2). (5) What is the use of the Critique of so strange a whim as the thing in itself instead of simply mentioning real things and their representations in the subject? (6) Mind is not an adequate translation of the German gemt. I think subject is better. At this paper I shall limit myself to expose only two items as possible themes of an adequate reading of the Critique. (1a) According to the oblige extension of the paper a detailed treatment is not to be found here. These two themes are the first one, things and things in themselves. The other one, the translation of the German word Gemt as subject and not as mind or spirit.Previous DefinitionsTwo languages will be used one of them its Kants exposition of his sistem, the transcendental idealism (TI) and the other one, designated as the common sense language (CSL), the colloquial language concerning Husserls inwrought actitude. (1) In this later one, the things are the so called real things or physical objects, things we can see, touch and handle and modify them according to determinate purposes In this paper I shall refer only to this chassis of things, simply calling them things. It is no necessa ry, I think to mention each time that Aristoteles defines these things as being in the mode of fusis and techne. (2) Heidegger also defines them as the natural things (3) When we are looking at something a state of things in this same action a representation appears in conscience of that we are looking at. We erroneously believe that we truly see things directly, but instead what we really do is to become conscious of the representation of the thing.

The Importance of Physical Education and Health :: Teaching Philosophy Teacher Education Essays

The Importance of Physical Education and Health In studying Physical Education and Health, I invite learned that there argon a significant number of benefits of tangible activity. Physical activity reduces the risk of premature mortality, and of coronary heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes. Physical activity also improves amiable health, and is important for the health of muscles, bones, and conjunctionts. As a teacher I will try to implement activities that will hold the students interest while benefiting them physically as well. I will also introduce the students to sweet activities, and sports instead of always using the conventional sports such as basketball, football, and other activities that students are already known with. If I have a student that has special needs I will deal with them case by case. I will make veritable that those students will be involved in the activities, and interact with the other students. By doing this, the special needs students will not feel out of place, and it will beget the other students a chance to interact with those that have different abilities. I will make the students feel comfortable in my class, so that they will have a positive experience with physical education. Hopefully by doing this, they will want to participate to a greater extent in class, and maybe even be more apt to get involved in physical activities out as class. For example, if a student feels secure in his/her abilities to perform an activity they may join a team where they can further enhance their abilities. Hopefully my program will show a person that is already physically educated new ways to be physically active. Also I would want to introduce the benefits and ways of staying physically active their entire life. I want to be a coach and by being involved in a physical activity that is not mandatory, I will be helping students see that physical activity happens outside of the cla ssroom too. I would also like to help start new programs in and out of school that would give children and adults the opportunities to be physically active. The adults in return, may see the purpose and benefits of being physically active that, hopefully, my students will learn from my classes.